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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Public health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Climate change and extreme weather events are increasing global disease risks and food insecurity.
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health challenge, with many pathogens resistant to existing antibiotics.
  • Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases exacerbate the AMR crisis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the relationship between climate change and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
  • To identify pathways through which climate change may intensify AMR.
  • To highlight gaps in current research regarding causality and temporality.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ecological and epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of correlations between temperature, extreme weather, and AMR prevalence.
  • Examination of indirect impacts via infectious disease dynamics and antimicrobial consumption.

Main Results:

  • Ecological studies show temperature correlations with AMR in pathogens.
  • Climate change impacts on AMR may primarily occur through increased infectious disease incidence and subsequent antimicrobial use.
  • Evidence suggests climate change could exacerbate AMR, but causal links require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between climate and AMR is complex and not fully understood.
  • Further research is crucial to establish temporality and causality between climate change and AMR.
  • Understanding these links is vital for public health strategies against infectious diseases and AMR.