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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas
Published on: April 11, 2019
Genomic insights into prophage and CRISPR-Cas system present in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains
Yan Lei1, Wenxin Ma1, Luyao Wang1
1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Abstract:
As a key starter culture for yogurt fermentation, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) was subjected to bioinformatics analysis to investigate the distribution of prophages and the structure of the CRISPR-Cas system in 119 L. bulgaricus strains, and explored the targeting relationship between them and annotated the functional genes of targeted prophages. A total of 1704 prophage fragments were identified, of which 8.74 % (149/1704) were classified as complete prophages, none of them carried virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Among all complete prophage genomes, the GC content was significantly affected by geographical sources (Asia, Europe, and North America) of host bacteria (P < 0.01). The 123 CRISPR-Cas systems detected in L. bulgaricus, type I-E (69) and type II-A (40) systems were predominant. Spacers-prophages targeting analysis revealed a negative correlation (P < 0.05), with 23.43 % (1055/4503) spacers showing homology to prophages. Functional gene annotation revealed that the diversity of prophage functional genes showed significant differences in under different grouping conditions (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, in-depth analysis of targeted prophage genomes revealed a conserved functional gene--ABC transporter. This study provides data support for exploring the genomic diversity and adaptive evolution mechanism of prophages in L. bulgaricus, and providing insights for screening phage-resistant strains and developing novel anti-phage strategies in dairy industry.
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