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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
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Emerging insights into enhancer RNAs: biogenesis, function, mechanism, and disease implication.

Meiqian Qiu1, Xiuchong Yu2,3, Heting Liu1

  • 1School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China.

Briefings in Bioinformatics
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, involved in processes like enhancer-promoter looping and transcriptional control. Research is uncovering their roles in diseases and potential as therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
biogenesisdetectiondisease implicationeRNAsenhancerfunctionmechanismresources

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are increasingly recognized as functional molecules beyond mere transcriptional byproducts.
  • eRNAs are markers of active enhancers, exhibiting bidirectional transcription and rapid degradation without poly(A) tails.
  • Evidence links eRNAs to crucial regulatory roles including enhancer-promoter looping and transcriptional co-activator recruitment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent advancements in enhancer RNA (eRNA) research.
  • To elucidate the structural features, transcription, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of eRNAs.
  • To explore the association of eRNAs with diseases and their potential as therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of recent advances in eRNA research.
  • Synthesis of data on eRNA structural features, transcription, and functions.
  • Analysis of eRNA regulatory mechanisms, disease associations, and detection methods.

Main Results:

  • eRNAs play significant roles in gene expression control, including enhancer-promoter looping and RNA polymerase II regulation.
  • Tissue-specific eRNA mechanisms are implicated in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • eRNAs offer potential as novel targets for precision diagnosis and therapy.

Conclusions:

  • eRNAs are critical regulators of gene expression with diverse functional roles.
  • Understanding eRNA mechanisms in disease provides opportunities for targeted therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into eRNAs promises advancements in precision medicine.