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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
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Orientation-Controlled Electrostatic Energy Storage in BaTiO3-Based Lead-Free Nanocomposite Films with a Simple

Xu Wang1, Yufan Guo2, Zhengyang Kong1

  • 1Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lead-free relaxor ferroelectric films offer high energy storage density and efficiency. Tailoring polarization in 0.7BaTiO3-0.3CeO2 films achieved 42.7 J/cm3 and 93.1% efficiency, showing great potential for power storage.

Keywords:
electrostatic energy storagelead-freenanodomainorientation controlpolarizationrelaxor ferroelectric

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) films are crucial for energy storage applications.
  • Simultaneously achieving high energy density and efficiency in RFE films is challenging.
  • Lead-free materials are sought after for environmental and safety reasons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop lead-free RFE films with enhanced energy storage capabilities.
  • To investigate the effect of composition and orientation on energy storage performance.
  • To explore the potential of these films for practical power-storage applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of lead-free 0.7BaTiO3-0.3CeO2 (BT-C) RFE films.
  • Orientation control of the films, specifically (110)-orientation.
  • Characterization of polarization behavior, energy density, efficiency, and stability (frequency, thermal, endurance).

Main Results:

  • The (110)-oriented BT-C films achieved a high energy storage density of 42.7 J/cm3.
  • An ultrahigh efficiency of 93.1% was recorded at room temperature.
  • The films demonstrated excellent frequency and thermal stability, along with reliable endurance (>10^6 cycles).

Conclusions:

  • Tailoring polarization via orientation control in lead-free BT-C films significantly enhances energy storage performance.
  • The developed RFE films show great promise for practical, high-performance lead-free energy storage solutions.
  • The strategy of orientation control combined with nanodomains offers a pathway for advanced energy storage materials.