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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering
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Microstructural Insights into Solid Dispersions: A Combined Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Molecular Dynamics

Haoshi Gao1,2, Yunsen Zhang2,3, Hanqiu Jiang4,5

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Preparation methods significantly impact solid dispersion structure. The melting method enhances amorphous content for better drug solubility, while solvent evaporation yields more ordered structures, advancing formulation development.

Keywords:
PEGcoarse-grained molecular dynamics simulationspiroxicamsmall-angle neutron scatteringsolid dispersion

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid dispersions enhance solubility of poorly soluble drugs.
  • Understanding molecular structure is key to stability and dissolution.
  • Current knowledge on structural determinants is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate preparation method effects (melting vs. solvent evaporation) on PXM-PEG solid dispersion microstructure and crystallinity.
  • Determine the influence of drug loading (10%, 15%, 25%) on these properties.
  • Elucidate molecular-level structural determinants of stability and dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) with deuterated PEG (d-PEG) for enhanced scattering.
  • Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics (CGMD) simulations.
  • Analysis of lamellar thickness, d-spacing, layer stacking, and amorphous/crystalline content.

Main Results:

  • Melting method decreased lamellar thickness and d-spacing, indicating structural disruption and higher amorphous content.
  • Solvent evaporation method maintained larger d-spacing and stable layer stacking, showing higher structural order and crystallinity.
  • CGMD simulations revealed distinct aggregation dynamics: dense clusters (melting) vs. larger, asymmetrical aggregates (solvent evaporation).

Conclusions:

  • Preparation method is a critical factor influencing solid dispersion structural characteristics.
  • Melting method favors amorphous content for improved bioavailability, while solvent evaporation yields ordered structures.
  • Combined SANS and CGMD elucidate the "sandwich-like" structure, advancing solid dispersion formulation development and industrial production.