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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
Published on: February 3, 2021
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A Metal-Free Phthalocyanine Additive for Defect Passivation and Processing Tolerance in High-Efficiency Perovskite
Chuan-Hung Huang1, Zhong-En Shi2, Yi-Han Zheng2
1Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 7, 2026
Summary
Metal-free phthalocyanines (Pcs) with enhanced solubility, CG-0, improve wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This additive boosts efficiency under solar and LED light, enabling new aesthetic designs.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Photovoltaics
- Organic Chemistry
Background:
- Metal-free phthalocyanines (Pcs) are underexplored in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to poor solubility and processability.
- Wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs require additives for improved performance and stability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a soluble and processable metal-free phthalocyanine (CG-0) for WBG PSCs.
- To investigate the effects of CG-0 as an additive on PSC performance and film properties.
- To establish a molecular design strategy for multifunctional PSC additives.
Main Methods:
- Synthesized CG-0, a fully substituted metal-free Pc with chlorine atoms and ethoxy chains for solubility.
- Incorporated CG-0 as an additive in WBG PSCs.
- Evaluated PSC performance under AM 1.5G solar simulation and 1000 lux white LED light.
- Analyzed film crystallization, defect passivation, and recombination suppression.
Main Results:
- CG-0 exhibited exceptional solubility, near-infrared absorption, and photochemical robustness.
- As an additive, CG-0 promoted high-quality crystallization, passivated defects, and suppressed non-radiative recombination in WBG PSCs.
- Achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.41% (FF 83.2%) under AM 1.5G and 38.60% (FF 82.2%) under white LED.
- Demonstrated ultra-high doping tolerance (1.75 mm) and tunable film color.
Conclusions:
- CG-0 enables high-performance WBG PSCs with improved efficiency under both solar and indoor lighting.
- The molecular design of CG-0 integrates solubility, defect passivation, and interfacial stabilization.
- This approach opens possibilities for efficient, color-adaptive perovskite photovoltaics with aesthetic potential.
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