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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Overview
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

24.2K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
24.2K
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

26.8K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
26.8K
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique
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Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique

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Bioinspired and Engineered Ion-Selective Membranes Toward High-Flux and High-Selectivity Energy Devices.

Rockson Kwesi Tonnah1, Sahar Foorginezhad2, Baggie W Nyande3

  • 1School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overcoming the ion selectivity-permeability trade-off in synthetic ion-selective membranes (ISMs) is key for advanced electromembrane technologies. Bio-inspired strategies and AI-assisted design offer promising solutions for high-performance membranes.

Keywords:
electrochemical technologiesion channelsion permeabilityion selectivityion‐selective membranes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Ion-selective membranes (ISMs) are crucial for electromembrane technologies like energy generation and water purification.
  • A fundamental challenge is the trade-off between ion selectivity and permeability in synthetic ISMs.
  • Achieving high performance requires overcoming this selectivity-permeability limitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in addressing the selectivity-permeability trade-off in synthetic ISMs.
  • To highlight bio-inspired strategies and innovative material/fabrication approaches.
  • To discuss the role and future directions of ISMs in electrochemical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of innovative membrane architectures and fabrication methods.
  • Analysis of material engineering strategies and computational modeling.
  • Examination of bio-inspired approaches mimicking natural ion channels.

Main Results:

  • Progress in overcoming the selectivity-permeability trade-off through novel designs and materials.
  • Identification of bio-inspired strategies for enhanced ion transport.
  • Assessment of emerging solutions like hybrid systems and AI-assisted design.

Conclusions:

  • Developing synthetic ISMs that balance high selectivity and permeability is essential for next-generation technologies.
  • Bio-inspired design, advanced nanomaterials, and computational modeling are key future directions.
  • Integration of modeling and experimental validation will drive sustainable membrane development.