Finite element analysis of mandibular biomechanical stress under vertical loading in models with angular defects

Pathological fractures of the mandible, often secondary to intraosseous lesions or post-enucleation bone loss, pose significant structural and clinical concerns. While miniplate fixation is routinely used for reinforcement, its mechanical reliability lacks standardized assessment. This study employs finite element analysis to model stress distribution across various mandibular defect scenarios, quantify the biomechanical performance of miniplates, and evaluate postoperative stability in structurally compromised regions.

This study involved 3D reconstruction of mandibular bone models from CT scans, followed by finite element analysis using ANSYS and LS-DYNA software. Cortical and trabecular structures were modeled with region-specific parameters, and Champy-style mini-plates with screws were applied to simulate post-enucleation reinforcement. Various defect scenarios were evaluated under 350 N occlusal loading, with boundary conditions ensuring model stability. A total of 16 simulations assessed stress distribution and mechanical performance.

Titanium plate application reduced principal stresses in all models. In Model 3, maximum and minimum stresses (565 MPa and 472 MPa) decreased to 204 MPa and 105 MPa with force applied from the healthy side. With plate application, maximum stress decreased from 142 MPa to 37 MPa in Model 1, from 150 MPa to 66 MPa in Model 2, from 565 MPa to 74 MPa in Model 3, and from 140 MPa to 66 MPa in Model 4.

Miniplates can effectively reduce stress in mandibular defects post surgery, but their success depends on defect type, cortical bone quality, and anatomical factors. Unicortical defects carry lower fracture risk, and accurate screw placement is critical. In select cases, conservative management with dietary precautions may be sufficient. These results support individualized treatment planning and highlight the need for further clinical validation.