Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
Published on: February 2, 2020
Exploring the Role of Race/Ethnicity, Metropolitan Status, and Health Insurance in Long COVID Among U.S. Adults
Camilo Vargas1, Rebeka Moges2, Grace Caltabellotta2
1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
Objectives:
Limited evidence suggests possible disparities in COVID-19 across race/ethnicity, metropolitan status, and healthcare access. This study investigated racial/ethnic, metropolitan, and healthcare access disparities in Long COVID among U.S. adults.
Methods:
2022-2023 cross-sectional Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were analyzed. U.S. adults who had COVID-19 were included, resulting in a final weighted sample size of n = 80,093,998. Logistic regressions examined associations between race/ethnicity, metropolitan status, health insurance and ever or currently experiencing Long COVID and reductions in daily function. Interactions were examined for metropolitan status and health insurance.
Results:
Versus non-Hispanic White (NHW) respondents, a higher odds of Long COVID were observed for Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native (ever adj. OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.53; currently adj. OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.39, 2.12) and Other Race/Multiracial (ever adj. OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.62; currently adj. OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.58) respondents. Black (ever adj. OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.93), Asian (ever adj. OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.70), and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (currently adj. OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.95) respondents had a lower odds. Non-metropolitan residents had a higher odds (ever adj. OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.25; currently adj. OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.24) versus metropolitan residents. Uninsured respondents had a higher odds versus insured respondents (currently adj. OR = 1.24, 95%: 1.08, 1.44). Interactions were statistically significant for metropolitan status (ever p-value = 0.026) and health insurance (ever p-value = 0.006; currently p-value = 0.008).
Conclusions:
Long COVID is experienced unequally across race/ethnicity and metropolitan/non-metropolitan residence. Further research is needed to understand this heterogeneity and the effects of Long COVID.
Related Concept Videos
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Ethnic Identity within a Larger Culture
RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends
Marcia's Theory of Identity Status
Health Literacy
Purpose of Health Records I
Here's a breakdown of how health records serve these purposes:

