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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
Published on: February 5, 2016
Physical adsorption of chloride ions at C-S-H gel interface: mechanisms, characterization and impacts on chloride
Zijun Li1, Lixuan Mao2, Fuqiang He2
1College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
Abstract:
Chloride adsorption plays an important role in the penetration of chloride ions and the initiation of steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete. This review focuses on the reversible physical adsorption of chloride ions (PyCl-) on C-S-H and summarizes its theoretical basis, major characterization approaches, key influencing factors, and relevance to chloride transport. To strengthen clarity and comparability across studies, this review relates PyCl- behavior to electrical double layer formation and surface potential regulation, discusses multicomponent ionic competition, and critically evaluates what commonly used experimental probes can and cannot resolve in cementitious pore environments, including isothermal adsorption, zeta potential, alternating current impedance spectroscopy, and pore solution expression. This review further highlights the complementary roles of molecular-scale simulations and surface complexation modeling in supporting the interpretation and mechanistic understanding of PyCl-. Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and potential directions for future research in this area.
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