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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
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Decoding the regulatory code: O-GlcNAcylation in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Shisheng Zhou1, Wenhui Lou1, Zijun Wei1

  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|February 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), impacting fibrosis and metastasis. Understanding O-GlcNAc cycling offers new therapeutic strategies for EMT-associated diseases.

Keywords:
EMTO-GlcNAcylationcancer metastasispost-translational modificationtherapeutic targeting

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic post-translational modification regulating protein function.
  • O-GlcNAc cycling, controlled by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAc hydrolase (OGA), responds to cellular nutrition and stress.
  • Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial for development, fibrosis, and tumor metastasis, involving changes in cell adhesion and motility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of O-GlcNAc in regulating EMT.
  • To explore the functional connections between O-GlcNAcylation and EMT.
  • To identify key O-GlcNAcylated proteins involved in EMT and understand the mechanisms driving these changes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent insights into O-GlcNAc modification and EMT.
  • Systematic examination of functional connections between O-GlcNAcylation and EMT.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms mediated by O-GlcNAc.

Main Results:

  • O-GlcNAcylation is central to EMT, sensing nutrient and stress signals to modulate cellular plasticity.
  • O-GlcNAc cycling influences key aspects of EMT, including the suppression of E-cadherin and overexpression of N-cadherin/Vimentin.
  • This modification impacts both canonical and non-canonical pathways involved in EMT.

Conclusions:

  • O-GlcNAc cycling is a significant post-translational mechanism involved in various facets of EMT.
  • Understanding the interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and EMT provides mechanistic insights into cellular plasticity.
  • Targeting O-GlcNAc pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for metastasis and other EMT-associated pathologies.