Navigating Anemia in Solid and Hematologic Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review of Classical and Emerging Therapies

Anemia frequently complicates cancer care, leading to reduced quality of life and poorer overall prognosis. Even mild-to-moderate anemia in cancer patients has been associated with worse outcomes, including increased fatigue, physical decline, and decreased tolerance to cancer therapies. Importantly, studies have demonstrated that correcting anemia and improving hemoglobin levels can significantly alleviate fatigue, enhance emotional well-being, and improve overall quality of life. An improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of cancer-related anemia has led to the development of a range of therapeutic strategies, from traditional supportive measures to innovative targeted therapies. In the following manuscript, we provide an in-depth review of these approaches, beginning with established treatments and progressing to newer investigational therapies and specialized strategies for patients with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This framework aims to guide clinicians in selecting and tailoring anemia management to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients across cancer types.