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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

Review and Preview

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Introduction to z Scores01:06

Introduction to z Scores

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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
z scores...
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Introduction to z Scores01:05

Introduction to z Scores

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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It indicates how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
z scores...
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z Scores and Area Under the Curve01:17

z Scores and Area Under the Curve

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z scores are the standardized values obtained after converting a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution. A z score is measured in units of the standard deviation. The z score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z score of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe
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How Well Do Ocular Trauma Scores Predict Vision after Open-Globe Injury?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Kimia Rezaei1, Germán Mejía-Salgado2, Ibrahim Abboud3

  • 1Riverside School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California, Irvine, California.

Ophthalmology
|February 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) and Pediatric Ocular Trauma Score (POTS) show moderate agreement in predicting visual outcomes for open-globe injuries. Refined pediatric models are needed for better accuracy in children.

Keywords:
Ocular Trauma ScoreOpen-globe injuriesPediatric ocular traumaTrauma scoring systemsVisual prognosis

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Anterior Segment Organ Culture Platform for Tracking Open Globe Injuries and Therapeutic Performance
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Anterior Segment Organ Culture Platform for Tracking Open Globe Injuries and Therapeutic Performance

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Trauma Surgery
  • Pediatric Medicine

Background:

  • Open-globe injuries (OGIs) are severe, vision-threatening conditions with significant global impact.
  • Prognostication in pediatric OGIs is complicated by amblyopia risk and age-related assessment challenges.
  • The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) and Pediatric Ocular Trauma Score (POTS) are widely used but their pediatric accuracy is uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the predictive accuracy of OTS and POTS for visual outcomes in OGIs.
  • To evaluate the performance of these scoring systems specifically in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, VHL, LILACS) through September 2024 identified observational studies (n≥10) with predicted and actual visual outcomes.
  • Meta-analyses focused on pediatric studies evaluating OTS and POTS, using random-effects models for pooled correlations and concordance (Cohen's κ).
  • Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE framework; protocol registered in PROSPERO.

Main Results:

  • Forty-seven studies (12,515 patients) were included, showing male predominance in both pediatric and adult cohorts.
  • Pooled pediatric analyses revealed moderate to strong correlations between higher OTS/POTS scores and better visual outcomes (Spearman r = 0.60-0.65; Pearson r = 0.93).
  • Concordance between predicted and observed outcomes was moderate (Cohen's κ = 0.48) with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 96%); GRADE assessment indicated moderate certainty of evidence.

Conclusions:

  • OTS and POTS show a meaningful correlation with visual outcomes in OGIs, but their categorical agreement is only moderate and heterogeneous.
  • Current scoring systems have limitations for precise prognostication, especially in pediatric cases.
  • There is a need for improved, pediatric-specific models that account for amblyopia risk and clinical factors.