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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

2.1K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

48.5K
In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.6K
Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

37.1K
Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

63.9K
An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

105.7K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
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Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

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Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders.

Skyler A Lentz1, Daniel Ackil2

  • 1Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Division of Resuscitation Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, 111 Colchester Avenue, Attn: Emergency Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|February 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic acid-base disturbances are common in critically ill patients. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, not just the acid-base imbalance itself.

Keywords:
AcidosisAlkalosisAnion gapChloride-sensitiveKetoacidosisMUDPILESMetabolic

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Metabolic acid-base disturbances are common in emergency department (ED) settings.
  • Critically ill patients frequently present with these complex conditions.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the evaluation of metabolic acid-base disturbances in the ED.
  • To emphasize the importance of identifying the underlying cause.
  • To guide emergency clinicians in managing these patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common metabolic acid-base disturbances encountered in critical care.
  • Emphasis on diagnostic utility of history and physical examination.
  • Discussion of mnemonic strategies for differential diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • The cause of metabolic acid-base disturbances can often be determined through thorough patient history and physical exam.
  • Mnemonics can aid in generating a comprehensive list of potential etiologies.
  • Management primarily involves addressing the root cause of the disturbance.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of metabolic acid-base disturbances hinges on identifying and treating the underlying condition.
  • Specific treatment of the acid-base status alone is rarely indicated.
  • A systematic approach aids emergency clinicians in diagnosis and treatment.