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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Electronic Structure of Atoms

Electronic Structure of Atoms

An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one...

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

Published on: October 18, 2019

Multi-Atom Catalysts: Structural Design, Electronic Modulation, and Synergistic Catalysis.

Gege Yang¹, Hairui Cai¹, Zhimao Yang¹

¹School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter (Ministry of Education), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.

|February 9, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-Atom catalysts (MACs) offer superior performance and versatility compared to single-atom catalysts. This review explores MAC architecture, electronic modulation, and synergistic mechanisms for advanced catalytic applications.

Keywords:

electronic modulation geometric structural multifaceted reactivity multi‐atom catalysts synergistic effects

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

Heterogeneous Catalysis
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) offer high atomic utilization but have limitations in metal loading.
Multi-atom catalysts (MACs) combine SAC advantages with enhanced metal loading and interatomic synergy.
MACs enable more complex active sites, improving catalytic performance and reaction scope.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the architectural diversity of MACs.
To examine strategies for electronic structure modulation in MACs.
To explore synergistic mechanisms and applications of MACs in catalysis.

Main Methods:

Review of architectural diversity, electronic structure modulation (interface engineering, coordination, substrate effects), and synergistic mechanisms.
Consolidation of synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques for MACs.
Analysis of applications in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and thermocatalysis.

Main Results:

MACs exhibit diverse architectures and tunable electronic structures.
Interatomic synergy in MACs allows for transcending linear scaling relationships.
MACs demonstrate significant potential in electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and thermocatalytic processes.

Conclusions:

MACs represent a promising frontier in catalysis, offering enhanced performance and adaptability.
Future research should focus on catalyst design, mechanistic elucidation, and practical implementation.
This review provides guidance for developing next-generation high-performance catalysts.