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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Entropy

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...

Entropy

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Achieving Crystal-to-Amorphous Transition without Phase Collapse in a Stable Gd-Based High-Entropy Perovskite Anode.

Xuefeng Liu^1,2, Yongxiang Ning¹, Mengya Wang¹

¹College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.

|February 9, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High-entropy materials like Gd-HEO offer enhanced structural integrity for lithium-ion battery anodes. This innovation improves cycling stability and lifespan by managing volume expansion through a unique nanoarchitecture.

Keywords:

Anode materials Crystal-to-amorphous transition High-entropy Lattice-site design Stress-dissipation network

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Transition metal oxide anodes suffer from poor cycling stability due to significant volume expansion and structural degradation during battery operation.
Developing robust anode materials is crucial for advancing high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a stable and high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries using high-entropy and lattice-site engineering.
To investigate the structural evolution and electrochemical performance of Gd(FeCoNiCrMn)O3 (Gd-HEO) for battery applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of an orthorhombic ABO3-type Gd(FeCoNiCrMn)O3 (Gd-HEO) material.
Characterization of structural properties, including lattice-site and high-entropy effects.
Electrochemical testing to evaluate cycling stability and capacity retention of the Gd-HEO electrode.

Main Results:

The Gd-HEO material exhibits enhanced structural integrity due to the A-site Gd scaffold and B-site cation disorder.
An entropy-driven transition to a nanodomain-amorphous matrix structure effectively dissipates stress during cycling.
The Gd-HEO electrode demonstrated excellent cycling stability, retaining 88% capacity after 1000 cycles with minimal volume change.

Conclusions:

Lattice-site and high-entropy engineering in Gd-HEO synergistically improve structural stability and electrochemical performance.
The unique nanoarchitecture formed via a self-limiting transition is key to accommodating volume changes.
Elemental diversity in multication electrode materials is a promising strategy for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.