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Hospitals offer medical and surgical care to the sick and injured, along with accommodation while they recover. At the same time, they also provide outpatient, emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation services to meet various community needs. In addition to providing medical care, hospitals also act as hubs for medical research and training. Hospitals use clinical procedures and evidence-based practice standards to deliver patient care. To deliver safe and efficient care, a nurse must stay up...
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats
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Incidence and In-Hospital Mortality of Ventricular Septal Rupture Following Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Javier Fernandez1, Namra Khan2, Muni Rubens2,3

  • 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.

Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) after myocardial infarction (MI) remains a severe complication with high mortality. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) use is high but outcomes have not significantly improved, necessitating further research.

Keywords:
acute heart failuremechanical circulatory supportmyocardial infarctionventricular septal rupture

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Surgery

Background:

  • Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare but severe complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI).
  • High mortality rates persist despite advances in reperfusion therapy.
  • Contemporary data on VSR outcomes and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) trends are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate national trends in VSR incidence, inpatient mortality, and MCS utilization in MI patients.
  • To assess the impact of MCS on outcomes in VSR patients.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016-2021.
  • Inclusion of adult MI hospitalizations (≥40 years).
  • Evaluation of in-hospital mortality, length of stay, adverse disposition, cardiogenic shock (CS), and MCS use.

Main Results:

  • VSR occurred in 0.05% of 5.4 million MI admissions.
  • VSR patients had significantly higher mortality (49.9% vs. 8.6%) and CS (70.1% vs. 6.7%).
  • MCS use was substantially higher in VSR patients (ECMO, IABP, LVAD), with stable incidence, mortality, and MCS rates over the study period.

Conclusions:

  • VSR outcomes post-MI have not substantially improved despite advances in cardiovascular care.
  • MCS use in VSR remains high, requiring careful modality selection.
  • Further research, including randomized trials, is needed to optimize management and outcomes for VSR patients.