[Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of the Ecosystem Services in Saihanwula Nature Reserve]

Nature reserves are effective avenues for providing ecosystem services and conserving biodiversity. Quantitative assessments of ecosystem services and their driving factors are crucial for conservation management and planning in nature reserves. Taking Saihanwula National Nature Reserve as the study area， this study quantified four ecosystem services， including water yield， carbon sequestration， habitat quality， and soil conservation， spanning from 2000 to 2020. We explored the influence of different driving factors on the spatio-temporal patterns of ecosystem services by using the Geodetector and Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） models. Furthermore， we identified ecosystem service clusters based on the Self-Organizing Map （SOM） neural network and proposed management recommendations accordingly. The results showed that each ecosystem service in Saihanwula National Nature Reserve exhibited spatial heterogeneity. From 2000 to 2020， water yield and soil conservation significantly enhanced， increasing by 89.8% and 126.1%； carbon storage enhanced by 5.2%； and habitat quality remained essentially unchanged， with a change of only 0.7%. Precipitation and land use type were the main ecosystem service driving factors， and the combined effects of various driving factors were greater than those of a single factor. We identified three types of ecosystem service bundles， including the ecological core service bundle， ecological transition service bundle， and ecological fragile service bundle. We then proposed diversified zoning management recommendations for nature reserves from the perspectives of conservation， planning， and management. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the zoning management and optimization of Saihanwula National Nature Reserve.