Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

1.4K
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
1.4K
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

785
Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
785
Levels of Organization01:09

Levels of Organization

141.5K
Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
The most basic levels include atoms, molecules, and biomolecules. Atoms, the smallest unit of ordinary matter, are composed of a nucleus and electrons. Molecules...
141.5K
Fermi Level01:18

Fermi Level

1.9K
The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...
1.9K
Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

529
Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
529
Ratio Level of Measurement00:54

Ratio Level of Measurement

21.6K
The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
A set of data measured using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and provides complete information. Ratio scale data are like interval scale data, except they have a zero point and ratios can be calculated....
21.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oral Corticosteroid Therapy in Lumbar Radiculopathy: Evidence From Randomized Controlled Trials.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Systematic review of outcomes reported in trials of facial trauma.

The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery·2026
Same author

Posterior Transdural Decompression for Thoracic Disc Herniation Causing Myelopathy: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Safety.

Global spine journal·2026
Same author

Neonatal Hypoganglionosis Mimicking Hirschsprung Disease in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Case Report.

Clinical medicine insights. Case reports·2026
Same author

Analgesic Techniques for Distal Radius Fracture Manipulation.

British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)·2026
Same author

How many cases to proficiency? A systematic review of the learning curve in endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

13.3K

Three-Level Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Combined With Fusion Versus Three-Level ACDF: A Systematic Review and

Chinedu Egu1, Neel Badhe2, Hussein Akil3

  • 1Trauma and Orthopaedics, South Tyneside and Sunderland Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK.

Global Spine Journal
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Three-level hybrid surgery (HS) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) offer similar clinical outcomes for multilevel cervical degenerative disease. HS preserves motion but risks heterotopic ossification, while ACDF has higher instrumentation failure rates.

Keywords:
ACDFcervical disc arthroplastyhybrid surgerymultilevel cervical degenerative diseasethree-level cervical spine surgery

More Related Videos

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level
14:59

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

Published on: September 7, 2009

13.4K
Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
11:30

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

13.3K
Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level
14:59

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

Published on: September 7, 2009

13.4K
Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
11:30

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Spine Surgery
  • Degenerative Cervical Spine Disease
  • Surgical Techniques

Background:

  • Multilevel cervical degenerative disease requires effective surgical management.
  • Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common treatment.
  • Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) combined with ACDF (hybrid surgery, HS) is an alternative approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical, radiological, and complication outcomes of three-level HS versus three-level ACDF.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of these surgical techniques for multilevel cervical degenerative disease.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of nine retrospective cohort studies involving 704 patients (450 HS, 254 ACDF).
  • Pooled analysis of mean differences for clinical, radiological, perioperative, and complication outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Both HS and ACDF improved disability and myelopathy scores similarly.
  • HS demonstrated superior operated-level range of motion (ROM) preservation.
  • ACDF showed a higher rate of instrumentation failure, while HS had increased heterotopic ossification.

Conclusions:

  • Three-level HS and ACDF yield comparable clinical results for multilevel cervical degenerative disease.
  • HS offers better motion preservation but carries a higher risk of heterotopic ossification.
  • ACDF may be associated with increased instrumentation failure; long-term studies are warranted.