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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Ongoing Clinical Challenges in Nerve Surgery (Nerve SPACE 2025).

Katherine M Gerull1, David M Brogan1, Harvey Chim2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO.

Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online
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Summary

Recent advances in peripheral nerve surgery and rehabilitation offer new hope for nerve injuries and limb loss. Future research needs rigorous trials to optimize treatments and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Bionic limb reconstructionNerve allograftNerve injury rehabilitationNerve wrapsPeripheral nerve sheath tumors

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Area of Science:

  • Peripheral nerve surgery and rehabilitation.
  • Regenerative medicine and neuroprosthetics.

Background:

  • Significant advancements in the last decade have expanded therapeutic options for nerve injuries, tumors, and limb loss.
  • Key areas include nerve allografts, nerve wraps, peripheral nerve sheath tumor treatment, and bionic limb technology.
  • Rehabilitation strategies have also seen improvements, notably through approaches like the Donor Activation Focused Rehabilitation Approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current progress in peripheral nerve surgery and rehabilitation.
  • To identify areas requiring further research and development.
  • To outline strategies for future advancements in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature and technological advancements.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic landscapes and their limitations.
  • Identification of research gaps and future directions.

Main Results:

  • Nerve allografts show promise for specific nerve gaps, but outcomes for proximal injuries are debated.
  • The efficacy of nerve wraps and connectors remains controversial due to material variability and limited high-quality studies.
  • Bionic limb technology has advanced, yet challenges like prosthetic abandonment, phantom limb pain, and cost persist.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is essential to establish effective rehabilitation protocols and clarify the roles of different grafting and wrapping techniques.
  • Improved diagnostic tools and systemic therapies are needed for peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
  • Future bionic limb development should focus on intuitive control, sensory feedback, pain management, and equitable access.