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Related Concept Videos

Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Average Acceleration01:30

Average Acceleration

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Instantaneous Acceleration01:16

Instantaneous Acceleration

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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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Acceleration Vectors01:30

Acceleration Vectors

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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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Accelerating Fluids01:17

Accelerating Fluids

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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
The motion of the liquid within this infinitesimal cylinder is considered to obtain the pressure difference. Three vertical forces act on this liquid:
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Without safeguards, AI-Biology integration risks accelerating future pandemics.

Dianzhuo Wang1, Marian Huot1,2, Zechen Zhang3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|February 9, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein language models (pLMs) accelerate biological design for vaccines and therapeutics. However, AI-driven protein engineering also presents dual-use risks, necessitating safeguards in AI-biology systems.

Keywords:
biosecuritydual use research of concern (DURC)intelligent automated biologyprotein designprotein language models

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing biological matter design.
  • Protein language models (pLMs) trained on vast sequence data can predict, generate, and optimize proteins.
  • pLMs integrated into experimental pipelines enable rapid, closed-loop biological design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map progress in pLM-driven protein fitness optimization.
  • To critically assess pLM applications in viral evolution and laboratory workflows.
  • To propose a framework and safeguards for integrated AI-biology systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in pLM applications for protein engineering.
  • Analysis of pLM integration with experimental workflows, including active learning and automation.
  • Development of a capability-oriented framework for AI-biology systems.

Main Results:

  • pLMs significantly accelerate the design and optimization of functional proteins.
  • AI-driven approaches are being applied to viral evolution studies.
  • Current AI-biology systems present dual-use risks requiring careful consideration.

Conclusions:

  • AI, particularly pLMs, offers unprecedented speed in biological design, impacting areas like vaccine and therapeutic discovery.
  • The rapid advancement of AI in biology necessitates a framework for evaluating integrated systems and addressing potential dual-use concerns.
  • Research is needed to develop safeguards for AI-biology systems at both training and inference stages.