Beyond Diabetes: A Review of Emerging Indications for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), originally developed for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, have emerged as transformative agents with broad therapeutic applications across multiple organ systems. This review explores the expanding role of GLP-1 RAs in managing cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity, heart failure (particularly with preserved ejection fraction), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Robust clinical trial data support the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in promoting weight loss, improving cardiovascular outcomes, and preserving renal function, with additional trials underway to further strengthen and expand the evidence base. Despite the growing utility of GLP-1 RAs, challenges related to cost, access, adherence, and implementation persist, particularly for indications beyond diabetes. However, innovations such as oral formulations and combination therapies may help improve accessibility and sustained use. As clinical guidelines evolve, targeted integration of GLP-1 RAs into care models may transform the prevention and treatment landscape for complex, chronic diseases.