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The Effectiveness of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis Programme using Palivizumab in Preterm Infants: A single

Hilal Al Mandhari1, Saif Al Kendi2, Noura Al-Balushi3

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman.

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
|February 9, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis is effective in preventing hospitalizations in preterm infants. Extreme prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are key risk factors for RSV-related hospitalizations.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Preterm infants, especially those born before 32 weeks' gestation, are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.
  • Established prophylaxis programs aim to reduce RSV-related hospitalizations (RSVH) in this vulnerable population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of an existing RSV prophylaxis program in Oman.
  • To identify risk factors associated with RSVH in preterm infants born at <32 weeks' gestation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
  • Inclusion of preterm infants (<32 weeks' gestation) born between January 2015 and December 2020 who received RSV prophylaxis.
  • Data extraction from electronic medical records and statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • A total of 282 infants were included; 5 (1.8%) experienced RSVH while on palivizumab prophylaxis.
  • Infants with RSVH were significantly more likely to be born at <28 weeks' gestation (60% vs. 26.7%, P=0.033).
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was significantly more prevalent in infants with RSVH (60% vs. 14.1%, P=0.026).

Conclusions:

  • The RSV prophylaxis program demonstrated effectiveness, achieving a low RSVH rate in high-risk preterm infants.
  • Extreme prematurity (<28 weeks' gestation) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are significant risk factors for RSVH.
  • This study supports the implementation of a nationwide RSV immunoprophylaxis program for high-risk infants in Oman.
Abstract

Keywords:
InfantOmanPalivizumabPremature RespiratoryRespiratory Syncytial VirusSyncytial Virus Infections

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