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Effect of Annealing on Direct Recycled NMC Cathodes
Juliane I Preimesberger1, Cyrus K Kirwa1,2, Eva Allen3
1Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.
Chemistry of Materials : a Publication of the American Chemical Society
|February 9, 2026
Summary
Direct recycling of electric vehicle batteries is crucial. Relithiation and annealing restore degraded nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) 622 cathodes, preserving structure and properties for sustainable EV battery recycling.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Electrochemistry
- Sustainable Energy
Background:
- Electric vehicle (EV) batteries are reaching end-of-life, necessitating efficient recycling methods.
- Direct recycling preserves material structure, offering advantages over conventional processes.
- Relithiation and annealing are key steps in direct recycling of nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the lithiation mechanism of degraded and relithiated NMC 622.
- To understand the structural and electrochemical restoration of NMC 622 after direct recycling.
- To evaluate the impact of annealing temperature on the recovery of NMC 622 properties.
Main Methods:
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD)
- Ni X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)
- Chemical relithiation and high-temperature annealing
Main Results:
- Relithiation reconstructs the surface of degraded NMC 622.
- A high annealing temperature (720 °C) is required to fully restore the NMC 622 structure.
- Annealing alone sufficiently restores electrochemical and structural properties.
- Particle porosity and morphology remain largely unaffected by the recycling process.
Conclusions:
- High-temperature annealing is critical for structural restoration in direct NMC 622 recycling.
- Direct recycling strategies can effectively recover key properties of degraded NMC 622 cathodes.
- Understanding annealing effects is vital for optimizing direct EV battery recycling processes.
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