Dual Engram Architecture within a Single Striatal Cell Type Distinctly Controls Alcohol Relapse and Extinction

Relapse is a major obstacle in the treatment of alcohol and drug addiction and is thought to be driven by persistent drug-associated memories formed during their use. Behavioral therapies such as extinction training can reduce relapse and are proposed to work by creating a competing memory trace. However, where and how these opposing memories are stored in the brain is unknown. Here, we show that two anatomically and functionally distinct engram ensembles within the same genetically defined striatal cell type, direct-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs), encode these opposing memories. Using engram-tagging tools in mice, we found that the acquisition of operant alcohol learning recruits a dMSN ensemble enriched in the striatal matrix compartment that stores alcohol-associated memories and whose activation selectively promotes relapse. Conversely, extinction of alcohol seeking recruits a dMSN ensemble enriched in the striosome compartment that stores extinction-related memories and whose activation suppresses relapse. Furthermore, we reveal that the physical memory trace storing the relapse-promoting memory is embedded within persistently strengthened corticostriatal synapses engaged during learning, and that artificially reproducing this plasticity is sufficient to trigger relapse-like behavior. These findings uncover a dual-engram architecture within dMSNs that governs relapse and extinction, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding how competing memories regulate drug-seeking behavior.