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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Integration by Parts: Indefinite Integrals01:26

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Integration by parts is a fundamental technique in calculus for evaluating integrals involving the product of two functions. It is particularly useful when direct integration is not feasible. The method is based on the product rule for differentiation, which states that the derivative of a product equals the derivative of the first function times the second, plus the first function times the derivative of the second. By integrating this identity and rearranging terms, the integration by parts...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA
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S-SELeCT: A Human-Evolved Serine Integrase System for Efficient Large-Cargo Genome Integration.

Alfonso P Farruggio, Lin Jiang, Karen Duong

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 9, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed novel gene-editing enzymes for large-fragment knock-in therapy. These Site-Specific Large Cargo Targeting (S-SELeCT) integrases facilitate efficient integration of large DNA sequences in human cells, offering a unified approach for genetic diseases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Gene Therapy
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Many genetic mutations occur in large genes, posing challenges for traditional gene therapy.
    • Large-fragment knock-in offers a potential solution by enabling the integration of full-length coding sequences into safe harbor loci.
    • Developing efficient tools for large-fragment knock-in is crucial for advancing gene therapy for a wide range of genetic disorders.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To engineer novel gene-editing enzymes capable of mediating large cargo integration at a safe harbor locus in human cells.
    • To establish a versatile platform for gene therapy applications targeting large genetic mutations.
    • To develop the first serine integrase enzymes evolved entirely within human cells for therapeutic applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Engineering of early-stage gene-editing enzymes, specifically serine integrase fusions.
    • Development and application of Site-Specific Large Cargo Targeting (S-SELeCT) integrase fusions.
    • Testing integration frequencies in stable cell lines and via transient plasmid transfection.

    Main Results:

    • S-SELeCT integrase fusions facilitated the integration of a 10 kb plasmid at frequencies up to 32% in stable cell lines.
    • Transient delivery via plasmid transfection achieved up to 13% knock-in efficiency.
    • The study reports the first serine integrase enzymes evolved in human cells and recognizing an endogenous human serine integrase attachment site.

    Conclusions:

    • Engineered S-SELeCT integrase fusions represent a significant advancement in large-fragment knock-in technology.
    • These novel enzymes demonstrate high efficiency for integrating large DNA payloads into human cells.
    • This breakthrough provides a promising tool for developing gene therapies for genetic diseases caused by mutations in large genes.