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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.4K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.2K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.2K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.3K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.2K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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A genetically encoded ionic-stress sensor reveals protons as a sleep driver.

Zhijian Ji1, Junqiang Liu1, Bingying Wang1

  • 1Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists developed a new tool, the genetically encoded nuclear translocation ionic sensor (GENTIS), to visualize ionic stress in real-time. This tool revealed that proton accumulation drives sleep in animals.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ionic changes are crucial for physiological and behavioral transitions like sleep.
  • Real-time monitoring of overall ionic strength in vivo remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing biosensors often target specific ions, limiting comprehensive analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel tool for visualizing ionic stress in vivo.
  • To investigate the role of ionic strength dynamics during sleep transitions.
  • To identify the specific ions and mechanisms involved in sleep regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a genetically encoded nuclear translocation ionic sensor (GENTIS).
  • In vivo application of GENTIS in the model organism C. elegans.
  • Pharmacological manipulation of v-ATPase activity and proton buffering.
  • Behavioral analysis and neuronal activity monitoring.

Main Results:

  • GENTIS successfully visualized real-time ionic stress in vivo.
  • Rhythmic ionic strength elevations were observed during C. elegans larval molting and lethargus sleep.
  • Inhibition of v-ATPase led to proton accumulation, inducing behavioral quiescence and sleep.
  • Proton buffering suppressed this proton-mediated sleep.
  • v-ATPases were found to disassemble during lethargus and under sleep-inducing conditions.

Conclusions:

  • GENTIS is a powerful tool for tracking ionic strength dynamics in living organisms.
  • Protons act as a physiological driver of sleep.
  • v-ATPase activity and disassembly are critical regulators of proton homeostasis during sleep.