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Related Concept Videos

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Subcutaneous immune checkpoint inhibitors: A new era in oncology care.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Comet Assay to Quantify DNA Damage in FLT3 Mutant-expressing 32D Cells after Exposure to Type I and Type II FLT3 Inhibitors
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Comet Assay to Quantify DNA Damage in FLT3 Mutant-expressing 32D Cells after Exposure to Type I and Type II FLT3 Inhibitors

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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Exposure During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.

Casey L Keller1, Kristina C Hermanson1, Ryan M Schuller1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.

Pharmacotherapy
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review found that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in pregnancy may pose a lower fetal risk than previously thought. Clinicians should discuss individualized risk-benefit for ICI use during pregnancy.

Keywords:
drug‐related side effects and adverse reactionshumansimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmunotherapymelanomaneoplasmspregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in cancer treatment.
  • Data on ICI administration during pregnancy is limited.
  • Understanding ICI safety in pregnancy is crucial for clinical decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • The risk of fetal complications from ICI use in pregnancy may be lower than previously estimated.
  • Individualized, multidisciplinary risk-benefit discussions are essential for managing ICI use in pregnant patients.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term effects of in utero ICI exposure.