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Absolute Versus Relative Skin Temperature as Early Warning Indicator for Pressure Injury: A Systematic Review and
Ke Xu1,2, Hua Cao1, Lingxiao Ran3
1Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Journal of Advanced Nursing
|February 9, 2026
Summary
Relative skin temperature is a promising early indicator for pressure injury (PI) risk. Decreased relative temperature significantly increases PI likelihood, though more research is needed.
Area of Science:
- Clinical Nursing
- Biomedical Engineering
- Dermatology
Background:
- Skin temperature monitoring, including absolute and relative measures, is explored for early pressure injury (PI) detection.
- Optimal skin temperature indicators for PI risk remain unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize evidence on the association between skin temperature and PI risk.
- To identify the most effective early warning indicator for PI.
- To evaluate the early-warning accuracy of skin temperature metrics.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
- Inclusion of adult patients with longitudinal data on skin temperature and PI development.
- Pooled analysis of standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratios, with SROC curve analysis.
Main Results:
- Ten studies with 1742 participants were included.
- No significant difference in absolute temperature between PI and non-PI groups.
- Decreased relative temperature (< -0.1°C) showed a 16-fold increased PI likelihood (AUC=0.776).
Conclusions:
- Relative temperature is significantly associated with PI risk, indicating its potential as an early warning indicator.
- Standardized measurement protocols are needed for clinical application.
- Further research is required due to low to very low evidence certainty.
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