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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory
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Episode Charges and Subsequent Visits After Telemedicine vs In-Person Care.

Bingyu Zhang1,2, Lu Li1,2, Yiwen Lu1,2

  • 1Center for Health AI and Synthesis of Evidence (CHASE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

JAMA Network Open
|February 9, 2026
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Summary

Telemedicine visits significantly reduce healthcare costs and the number of follow-up appointments compared to in-person visits. This study found telemedicine to be a cost-effective alternative for many common conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Comparative Effectiveness Research
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Telemedicine use surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, becoming a standard healthcare delivery method.
  • The financial impact of telemedicine on health system reimbursement and utilization remains largely unquantified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare 30-day episode charges and subsequent visit frequency between telemedicine and in-person index visits.
  • To evaluate the financial implications and utilization patterns of telemedicine in a real-world academic health system setting.

Main Methods:

  • A target trial emulation study using ambulatory visit data from January 1 to April 30, 2024.
  • Propensity score matching was employed to adjust for demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and contextual factors.
  • Analyses focused on 10 high-volume clinical conditions commonly managed via telemedicine.

Main Results:

  • Telemedicine encounters had significantly lower mean 30-day episode charges ($96.60) compared to in-person encounters ($509.21).
  • Telemedicine visits were associated with 23% fewer follow-up visits per 30-day episode.
  • For mental and behavioral disorders, episode charges were comparable between telemedicine and in-person visits for specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Telemedicine offers a lower-cost alternative to in-person care without increasing the need for subsequent visits.
  • The findings support the integration of telemedicine as a financially viable and efficient component of healthcare delivery.
  • Further research may explore long-term cost-effectiveness and patient-reported outcomes across diverse clinical settings.