Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 11, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
Published on: June 12, 2020
Multimodal biomarker based on temporal complexity of eye movements and pupil diameter in
Ayumu Ueno1, Sou Nobukawa1,2,3, Aya Shirama2,4
1Graduate School of Information and Computer Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan.
Abstract:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders without established biomarkers. Pupil diameter, regulated by the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system, and eye movements controlled by diverse brain regions exhibit specific patterns in patients with ADHD due to abnormal activity in these brain regions. Previous studies reported that patients with ADHD have larger pupil diameters and reduced temporal complexity. However, although the temporal complexity of eye movements has been associated with major movement disorders in previous studies, its relevance in conditions without primary movement disorders, such as ADHD, remains unclear. In this context, we hypothesized that the temporal complexity of eye movements would provide a more comprehensive understanding of eye movements in ADHD. This study aimed to analyze the temporal complexity of eye movements in patients with ADHD using multiscale entropy analysis and examine its diagnostic utility alongside pupil size. The results showed that patients with ADHD had lower temporal complexity in their eye movements and larger pupil diameters. Moreover, combining these features enhanced the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis. These findings support the potential of a multimodal approach for diagnosing adult ADHD, potentially improving clinical diagnostic accuracy.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Anatomical Movements
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles
Formation of Complex Ions

