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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Short-range electrostatic screening in ionic liquids as inferred by direct force measurements.

Benjamin Cross1, Léo Garcia1, Elisabeth Charlaix1

  • 1Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Grenoble Cedex 9 38041, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 9, 2026
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Summary

Contradictory experimental results on ionic liquid (IL) interactions are resolved. Slowing surface motion reveals short-range screening, consistent with theory, debunking long-range interaction claims.

Keywords:
electrostatic screeningionic liquidsshort-range screening lengthsurface force apparatus

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Experimental reports on ionic liquid (IL) interactions show long-range forces, contradicting theoretical predictions.
  • Discrepancies exist regarding the experimental range of electrostatic screening in ILs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate discrepancies in literature concerning experimental ranges of electrostatic screening in ILs.
  • Clarify the nature of interactions between surfaces confining ILs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two advanced Surface Force Apparatuses (SFAs) to study mica and borosilicate surfaces confining ILs.
  • Employed complementary measurement techniques (stepwise and continuous approach) and varied confinement geometries.
  • Performed measurements at ultra-low surface velocities (down to 9 pm/s) with extended equilibration times (up to 90 s).

Main Results:

  • Identified two distinct force regimes: oscillatory forces at small separations (IL structuration) and monotonic repulsion at larger separations.
  • Demonstrated that force magnitude and spatial extent critically depend on motion conditions and equilibration times.
  • Observed that slow surface displacements lead to short-range screening, consistent with Poisson-Boltzmann theory, while fast displacements create an illusion of long-range interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Resolved a decade-old controversy regarding force measurements in confined ionic liquids.
  • Revealed slow relaxation dynamics and out-of-equilibrium behavior in ILs, akin to aging phenomena.
  • Highlighted the critical importance of approaching thermodynamic equilibrium in measurements to accurately determine screening lengths.