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Related Concept Videos

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

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Post-Translational Modifications in Animal Circadian Clocks.

Xianhui Liu1, Yong Zhang1,2

  • 1Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|February 9, 2026
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Summary

The circadian clock synchronizes bodily processes with the 24-hour day. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of clock proteins are vital for regulating circadian rhythms and adapting to environmental signals.

Keywords:
Drosophilacircadian clockmammalsmolecular oscillatorpost‐translational modifications

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The circadian clock is a conserved biological system regulating daily rhythms in metabolism and immunity.
  • Disruptions to circadian rhythms are linked to metabolic and mental health disorders.
  • Molecular clocks in animals rely on transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in circadian timekeeping.
  • To explore how PTMs help animals adapt to environmental and physiological signals.
  • To highlight the evolutionary convergence of circadian mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on circadian clocks in animals.
  • Focus on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of clock proteins.
  • Examination of conserved mechanisms, including casein kinase 1-dependent phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • PTMs critically regulate circadian period length, robustness, and environmental responsiveness.
  • Casein kinase 1 family-dependent phosphorylation is a conserved mechanism in animal clocks.
  • PTMs are key to adapting circadian timekeeping to external and internal cues.

Conclusions:

  • Post-translational modifications are essential for the precise functioning of the circadian clock.
  • Understanding PTMs offers insights into metabolic and mental disorders linked to circadian disruption.
  • Conserved PTM mechanisms underscore the evolutionary importance of circadian regulation.