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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials

Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
Fatigue01:21

Fatigue

Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete01:16

Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete

Considering the tensile strength of concrete involves recognizing that the theoretical strength of cement paste can be up to a thousand times higher than what is observed in practical applications. This significant discrepancy is largely attributed to the presence of microscopic cracks within the concrete. These cracks tend to amplify stress at their tips when a load is applied, a phenomenon explained by Griffith's theory of brittle fracture.
The dimensions and shape of a concrete specimen also...
Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...

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Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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Frailty.

Ariela R Orkaby1, Andrea Wershof Schwartz2, Kathryn E Callahan3

  • 1New England GRECC (Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center), VA Boston Healthcare System, and Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.O.).

Annals of Internal Medicine
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frailty, a syndrome of decreased physiological reserve, increases risks for hospitalization and mortality in older adults. Early screening and interventions can mitigate risks and improve function.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Frailty is a clinical syndrome characterized by diminished physiological reserve across multiple systems.
  • It is strongly associated with adverse health outcomes, including hospitalizations, disability, institutionalization, and mortality, particularly in older adults.
  • Patients with frailty may face increased risks from iatrogenic causes like high-risk medications or procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current definitions and assessment approaches for frailty.
  • To discuss management strategies for individuals with frailty.
  • To highlight the importance of frailty screening in various healthcare settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of frailty definitions.
  • Analysis of assessment methodologies across different care settings.
  • Synthesis of evidence on frailty interventions and management.

Main Results:

  • Frailty is a recognized syndrome linked to significant health risks.
  • Screening for frailty is recommended for chronic disease management and inpatient care.
  • Interventions may potentially delay frailty progression or reverse its effects, enhancing functional capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Identification of frailty enables targeted risk mitigation and patient-centered care alignment.
  • Effective management strategies can improve outcomes and daily functioning for frail individuals.
  • Further research and clinical implementation of frailty assessment and management are crucial.