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Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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Pulse waveform and current direction alter network-level TMS-induced functional connectivity: Evidence from TMS-EEG
Delia Lucarelli1, Giacomo Guidali2, Roberto Guidotti1
1Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
Neuroimage
|February 9, 2026
Summary
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters significantly alter electroencephalographic (EEG) functional connectivity in the motor system. Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing TMS applications and interpreting network dynamics.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Signal Processing
Background:
- Functional connectivity analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides insights into brain network dynamics.
- The specific influence of TMS parameters on these connectivity measurements is not well understood, limiting precise applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the impact of TMS pulse waveform and current direction on EEG functional connectivity within the motor system.
- To analyze these effects in the alpha and beta frequency bands.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of EEG data from 32 healthy participants using an open-access repository.
- Stimulation of the left primary motor cortex (M1) with varying monophasic and biphasic pulse waveforms and posterior-to-anterior (PA) and anterior-to-posterior (AP) current directions.
- Examination of TMS-induced functional connectivity patterns across different stimulation conditions.
Main Results:
- Alpha-band connectivity showed widespread, right-lateralized communication to sensorimotor regions, independent of TMS parameters.
- Beta-band connectivity was more localized and condition-dependent.
- Monophasic pulses increased alpha-band connectivity compared to biphasic pulses, with AP currents causing the most modulation.
- Specific biphasic stimulation patterns (PA-AP vs. AP-PA) differentially modulated alpha and beta band connectivity.
Conclusions:
- TMS parameters significantly modulate motor system oscillatory dynamics and functional connectivity.
- The choice of TMS features can selectively activate distinct functional networks, contributing to variability in TMS applications.
- Findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate TMS parameters and confirm frequency-specific patterns in motor system communication.
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