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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Distinct Bioactive Surface Coating Modulates Chronic Toxicity and Recovery Pathways in Silver-Nanoparticle-Exposed

Amanda N Abraham1,2, Shakil Ahmed Polash1,2, Vipul Bansal1,2

  • 1Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface functionalization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) significantly impacts their toxicity. Bioactive coatings like curcumin reduced chronic toxicity, suggesting a way to improve AgNP safety for human health applications.

Keywords:
biocompatibilitychronic toxicitypolyphenolsrecoverysilver nanoparticles

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Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing
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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used in consumer and biomedical products.
  • Understanding the long-term health effects of AgNPs is crucial due to their widespread application.
  • Surface functionalization of AgNPs may alter their biological interactions and toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of AgNPs with different surface functionalizations (tyrosine, curcumin, EGCG) on human cells.
  • To assess the impact of AgNPs on oxidative stress, cell adhesion, and cell cycle progression.
  • To evaluate cell recovery and the effects of intermittent exposure on AgNP-treated cells.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of AgNPs with consistent size but varied surface coatings: tyrosine (Tyr), curcumin (Cur), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).
  • Assessment of acute and chronic toxicity, oxidative stress markers, cell adhesion, and cell cycle.
  • Evaluation of cell recovery post-exposure and effects of repeated AgNP exposure across cell passages.

Main Results:

  • Tyrosine-functionalized AgNPs (Tyr-AgNPs) exhibited low acute toxicity but high chronic toxicity, with cells requiring multiple passages for recovery.
  • Curcumin-functionalized AgNPs (Cur-AgNPs) demonstrated the lowest chronic toxicity.
  • Enhanced surface coverage by phenolic groups in curcumin and EGCG reduced AgNP toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Bioactive surface coatings on AgNPs are critical in determining their biocompatibility and long-term cellular effects.
  • Functionalization with molecules like curcumin can mitigate the chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles.
  • Further research into surface modification strategies is needed to enhance the safety of AgNPs for biomedical applications.