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Joint Angular Excursions and Angular Range Utilization During Stance-Phase Locomotion in Terrestrial Mammals: A

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Mammal limb movement during walking varies with body mass and locomotion style. Larger mammals and faster runners use smaller joint movements, revealing conserved patterns in locomotion across diverse species.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • Morphofunctional studies often use static skeletal data, neglecting dynamic locomotor behavior.
  • Mammalian limb kinematics show conserved synergies, but broad comparative data on joint motion variation is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify joint poses, angular excursions, and range utilization during walking stance across diverse mammal species.
  • To investigate how these kinematic variables correlate with biological factors like body mass, limb posture, and locomotor habit.

Main Methods:

  • Collected data on joint angles at key stance phases (touchdown, midstance, toe-off) for six limb joints in 182 mammal species.
  • Calculated joint angular excursion (JAE), total angular excursion (TAE), and angular utilization index (AUI).
  • Employed phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to analyze data, controlling for evolutionary relatedness.

Main Results:

  • Body mass was the strongest predictor, with larger mammals exhibiting decreased hindlimb and forelimb TAE.
  • Limb posture effects were subtle; plantigrade, small-bodied, and arboreal species showed broader angular profiles.
  • Unguligrade, cursorial, and fast-moving species generally used smaller joint excursions during stance.

Conclusions:

  • Mammals adjust joint movement magnitude and distribution based on size and ecological factors.
  • The proportion of summed joint excursion range used during stance is largely conserved across mammals.
  • Provides a framework for interpreting limb dynamics in both living and fossil mammals.