Cysteine carbon dots/Au3+ system for dual-mode detection of epinephrine and discrimination of different
Yi-Zhong Liang1, Lina Bao1, Li Xu2
1Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
Abstract:
Accurate and convenient detection of epinephrine (Ep) is critical for diagnosing neurological disorders and monitoring emergency medications. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescent platform was developed for Ep detection by integrating cysteine-functionalized carbon dots with gold ions (Cys-CDs/Au3+). The platform relied on Au3+-mediated oxidation of epinephrine to generate a fluorescence response, which is further enhanced by boric acid. Two detection modes were established: fluorescence assay and smartphone-assisted RGB analysis, demonstrating limits of detection (LOD) of 0.12 μM and 0.85 μM, respectively. The platform enabled accurate quantification of Ep in injections and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) facilitated discrimination among multiple catecholamines by reducing the dimensionality of fluorescence spectral data. This work provides a versatile platform for Ep detection and catecholamine discrimination.
Related Concept Videos
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
What is a Mode?
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon Skeletons
The Dot Product
Dot Product
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...


