Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.4K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.4K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.5K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
3.5K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.6K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.6K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

9.6K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
9.6K
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

5.1K
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
5.1K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.5K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Modulating Surface Potential and Electron/Hole Overlap of Singlet Excited State in Asymmetry End-Capped Dimeric Acceptors for Efficient and Stretchable Organic Solar Cells.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Stable Open-Shell Polymers via Precise Introduction of Oxygen Radicals with Quinoidal Resonance on Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Backbones.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same author

[The impact and prognostic value of thyroid hormones on postoperative acute kidney injury in patients with acute type A aortic dissection].

Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue·2026
Same author

Y<sup>3+</sup>/Zn<sup>2+</sup> Codoped LATP/PVDF-HFP Coating Enables Bulk-Interface Regulation for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Excited-State Symmetry-Breaking Dynamics in a Centrosymmetric Quadrupolar Emitter: Cascaded Relaxation Pathways.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Ultrasound-Guided Pectoral Nerve Block for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Postprocedural Analgesic Benefit in an Asian Population.

Anesthesiology research and practice·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.4K

One-Step Polymerized Stable Open-Shell Poly(3,4-dioxythiophene) Radicals for High Photothermal Conversion and

Yuxuan Zhong1, Boying Lai1, Yuhang Yang2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new stable, non-doped open-shell radical polymers by introducing oxygen radicals into polythiophene backbones. These materials show excellent electronic conductivity and photothermal conversion, offering a promising platform for advanced organic electronics.

Keywords:
open‐shellorganic semiconductorphotothermal conversionpolythiopheneradical

More Related Videos

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
10:16

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

Published on: January 8, 2016

14.3K
Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
09:02

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Published on: July 9, 2015

12.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.4K
Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
10:16

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

Published on: January 8, 2016

14.3K
Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
09:02

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Published on: July 9, 2015

12.8K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Open-shell organic radical semiconductors offer unique electronic properties but suffer from poor stability.
  • Previous work identified diradical character in donor-acceptor semiconductors.
  • Sensitivity to oxygen limits the practical application of these materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel open-shell polymers with improved stability by incorporating oxygen radicals into the polymer backbone.
  • To explore a new design strategy for non-doped organic semiconductive radical polymers.
  • To evaluate the electronic and photothermal properties of the synthesized materials.

Main Methods:

  • One-pot synthesis of three open-shell poly(3,4-dioxythiophene radical) polymers (PTO2-1/2/3) using BBr3 and HBr-mediated oxidation radical polymerization and demethylation.
  • Characterization of open-shell character using 1H NMR, electron spin resonance, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
  • Measurement of HOMO energy level, electronic conductivity, and photothermal conversion efficiency under 808 nm laser irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized three novel open-shell poly(3,4-dioxythiophene radical) polymers (PTO2-1/2/3).
  • PTO2-2 exhibited a HOMO energy level of -5.42 eV and high electronic conductivity (2.6 × 10^-2 S cm^-1).
  • PTO2-2 demonstrated outstanding photothermal conversion, heating from 28°C to 205°C within 60 s under 808 nm laser irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • A new design strategy for stable, non-doped, open-shell radical polymers was established.
  • The synthesized PTO2 polymers offer a promising platform for applications requiring high electronic conductivity and efficient photothermal conversion.
  • This work provides a pathway for constructing low-cost, stable, non-doped open-shell polymers.