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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

21.3K
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
3.5K
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

6.5K
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
6.5K
Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

545
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
545
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

392
In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
392
What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

What is Genetic Engineering?

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Overview
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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Nanoscale Colloids Engineering for Minimizing Efficiency Loss in Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Zhiwei Li1, Kaiyu Wang1, Xiaozheng Duan2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Formate anions stabilize colloidal perovskite solar cells (PSCs), enabling scalable fabrication with negligible efficiency loss. This breakthrough achieves high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in mini-modules, demonstrating long-term operational stability.

Keywords:
effieicncy lossnanoscale colloidsperovskite solar cellsscalable

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), rivaling silicon cells.
  • Scaling up PSC fabrication while maintaining efficiency is a major challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable method for fabricating high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.
  • To address the challenge of efficiency loss during PSC scale-up.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized formate anions to stabilize colloidal perovskite particles.
  • Controlled colloidal size to ~30 nm via enhanced electrostatic repulsion.
  • Fabricated perovskite thin films and mini-modules in ambient air.

Main Results:

  • Achieved PCEs of 24.30% for 1 cm² PSCs and 24.10% for 12.6 cm² mini-modules.
  • Demonstrated negligible efficiency loss upon scaling from small areas to mini-modules.
  • Encapsulated mini-modules retained 95% efficiency after 1000 hours of operation.

Conclusions:

  • Formate anion stabilization enables scalable, high-efficiency perovskite solar cell fabrication.
  • The developed method overcomes key challenges in PSC manufacturing.
  • Achieved record efficiency for mini-modules with excellent long-term stability.