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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

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Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Small Intestine01:15

Small Intestine

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Updates on intestinal failure management.

M V Teso1,2, T E Conley3, S Lal2,4

  • 1Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, The Pancreas Institute, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|February 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) is rising globally, necessitating updated multidisciplinary care. Advances in treatments and expert management are improving outcomes and quality of life for patients requiring long-term parenteral nutrition (PN).

Keywords:
Catheter-related bloodstream infectionsGLP-2 analogueschyme reinfusionhome parenteral nutritionintestinal failureintestinal failure-associated liver diseaseshort bowel syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Surgical Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) is a rare condition defined by inadequate intestinal absorption, requiring long-term parenteral nutrition (PN).
  • Etiological trends in CIF are shifting, with increased incidence due to surgical complications and malignancy, alongside evolving therapeutic options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of Chronic Intestinal Failure (CIF) definitions, epidemiology, and multidisciplinary management in adults.
  • To summarize contemporary trends in CIF based on recent literature (2012-2025), registry data, and guideline recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a scoping review of recent literature.
  • Analyzed registry data and guideline recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Short bowel syndrome remains the primary cause of CIF, but the etiological landscape is shifting towards surgical complications and active malignancy.
  • Significant advancements in multidisciplinary management include safer PN formulations, chyme reinfusion therapy, and glucagon-like peptide-2 analogues, transforming patient outcomes.
  • Intestinal transplantation is now reserved for highly selected cases, with a focus on complication prevention and quality of life (QoL) central to long-term care.

Conclusions:

  • CIF prevalence is increasing globally, demanding centralized, multidisciplinary care from expert centers to manage rising patient complexity and improve long-term outcomes.
  • Future innovations in pharmacological, surgical, digital, and organizational approaches are expected to enhance enteral autonomy, reduce PN complications, and improve patient QoL worldwide.
  • The future of CIF care aims for a more equitable and effective model, emphasizing enhanced enteral autonomy and reduced PN-related complications.