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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

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Effects of exercise interventions on memory in depression: a three-level meta-analysis.

Xiaoling Zhu1, Yunong Zhang2, Cong Liu3

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|February 10, 2026
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Summary

Exercise may offer a small benefit for verbal memory in individuals with depression. This meta-analysis found exercise intensity, duration, and session time influenced these memory improvements, but visual memory effects were unclear.

Keywords:
DepressionExerciseMemoryMeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Depression is frequently associated with cognitive impairments, particularly memory deficits.
  • Exercise interventions have shown potential in ameliorating memory problems in various populations.
  • Understanding exercise's specific impact on memory in depression is crucial for therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the effects of exercise interventions on verbal and visual memory in patients diagnosed with depression.
  • To conduct a three-level meta-analysis to quantify the overall effect size and identify potential moderators.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, etc.) was performed to identify relevant randomized controlled trials up to July 2024.
  • A three-level random-effects meta-analysis was employed to synthesize data from 16 included studies.
  • The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected trials.

Main Results:

  • Exercise demonstrated a statistically significant, albeit small, positive effect on verbal memory in depressed patients (g = 0.17).
  • Exercise intensity was a significant moderator, with low-to-moderate intensity exercise showing greater benefits.
  • Optimal conditions for verbal memory improvement included mind-body exercise, duration ≤12 weeks, and session time ≤60 minutes. No clear effect was found for visual memory.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise may provide a modest improvement in verbal memory for individuals with depression.
  • The effectiveness of exercise on memory in depression appears influenced by factors like intensity and duration, but visual memory benefits remain uncertain.
  • Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings and explore exercise's full potential in managing cognitive deficits in depression.