Using tools as cues for motor adaptation in virtual reality

Humans are adept at using multiple tools, often switching between them even when each involves distinct and potentially conflicting motor demands. This study investigated how different features of a tool influence the formation of distinct motor memories during dual adaptation to opposing visuomotor perturbations. Using an immersive virtual reality setup, participants performed an aiming task in which they launched a ball toward a target using virtual tools, each consistently associated with a different visuomotor rotation. We manipulated tool features across three groups: one in which tools differed only in color (Color Control), one in which they differed in shape but involved similar movement patterns (Motor Congruent), and one in which they differed both in shape and in how they were operated-for example, a paddle-like forward swing to propel the ball versus a draw-and-release motion similar to a slingshot (Motor Incongruent). A fourth control group that adapted to a single perturbation with a single tool at a time was also included. Only the Motor Incongruent group demonstrated robust dual adaptation and clear aftereffects, comparable with those observed during single-tool learning. These results suggest that distinct modes of tool operation play a critical role in supporting the formation and retention of separate internal models during sensorimotor adaptation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Humans often switch between tools with conflicting motor demands. Using immersive virtual reality, we tested whether visual features or operational differences support dual adaptation to opposing visuomotor perturbations. Only when tools differed in both shape and mode of operation did participants show robust adaptation and aftereffects, comparable with single-tool learning. These findings highlight the critical role of movement-relevant cues in forming distinct motor memories for flexible tool use.