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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Gradient Entropy Surface Architecture Stabilizes LiCoO2 to 4.7 V.

Fangchang Zhang1, Xinye Mai1, Yulin Cao1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

ACS Nano
|February 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel gradient entropy (GE) surface architecture stabilizes lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, enabling operation at ultrahigh voltages up to 4.7 V with improved stability and capacity retention.

Keywords:
gradient entropy architecturehigh-voltage cathodeinterfacial engineeringlithium cobalt oxidelithium-ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is a primary cathode material for 3C-type lithium-ion batteries.
  • High operating voltages above 4.55 V lead to significant structural and interfacial degradation in LiCoO2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a gradient entropy (GE) surface architecture to enhance the stability of LiCoO2 at ultrahigh cutoff voltages (4.7 V).
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which the GE architecture improves electrochemical performance and stability.

Main Methods:

  • A homogeneous self-encapsulation layer was created using phytic acid and metal ions (Mg/Al/Ni) on the LiCoO2 surface.
  • Calcination was employed to form the gradient entropy surface architecture.
  • Electrochemical performance was evaluated, including capacity retention and cycling stability at 4.7 V.

Main Results:

  • The GE-LCO material exhibited a gradient surface architecture with decreasing entropy from exterior to interior.
  • The high-entropy surface enhanced thermodynamic stability, while expanded Li+ channels improved kinetic mobility.
  • The GE layer effectively suppressed interfacial cobalt migration and improved electrochemical-mechanical stability.

Conclusions:

  • The gradient entropy surface architecture successfully stabilizes LiCoO2 at 4.7 V, overcoming limitations of conventional materials.
  • This approach preserves bulk electrochemical activity while enhancing surface stability through entropy-driven mechanisms.
  • GE-LCO demonstrated a high capacity of 230.9 mAh/g and 80.6% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 4.7 V.