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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection
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Entropy-Based Analysis of Rowing Technique: Stroke-Rate Effects and Performance Implications.

Yang Gao1, Xiaobin Wei1, Xiaoping Chen2

  • 1School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China.

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
|February 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Elite rowers adapt movement variability (MV) with stroke rate to maintain power. Higher MV in handle acceleration and joint angles at lower stroke rates correlates with better rowing performance.

Keywords:
Sample Entropyelite rowersinertial sensorsmotor controlmovement variability

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Human Movement Analysis

Background:

  • Movement variability (MV) is crucial for adapting to different physical demands.
  • Understanding MV's role in rowing technique is essential for performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how varying stroke rates influence movement variability in elite rowers.
  • To determine the relationship between movement variability and rowing performance.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-one elite male rowers performed rowing bouts at 20, 26, and 34 strokes per minute (spm).
  • Inertial sensors measured acceleration and joint angles to quantify MV using Sample Entropy.
  • A 2000-m time trial assessed overall rowing performance.

Main Results:

  • Increased stroke rate significantly elevated movement variability across various measures, including handle acceleration and multiple joint angles.
  • The hip joint consistently showed higher Sample Entropy (variability) compared to other joints.
  • Greater variability in handle acceleration and knee/elbow angles at lower stroke rates (20 and 26 spm) was associated with improved ergometer performance.

Conclusions:

  • Stroke rate is a key factor in modulating movement variability and technique in elite rowers.
  • Higher stroke rates necessitate greater movement adaptation to sustain stroke power.
  • Entropy measures offer a valuable method for assessing and enhancing rowing performance.