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Related Concept Videos

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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay
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The development of bribe-taking aversion in four societies.

Bolivar Reyes-Jaquez1, Francesco Margoni2, Yusuke Moriguchi3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH03824, USA.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|February 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Children

Keywords:
bribe-takingculturefairnessgift-givingmoralityreciprocity

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Cross-Cultural Studies

Background:

  • Large-scale cooperation relies on institutions that manage prosocial and antisocial behavior.
  • Corruption, a self-serving aspect of human sociality, undermines institutional integrity.
  • Understanding preferences against corrupt reciprocity, like bribe-taking aversion, is crucial but underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of bribe-taking aversion in children aged 3-11 years.
  • To examine the relationship between bribe-taking aversion and inequity aversion across different cultural contexts.
  • To explore the influence of societal corruption and interdependence levels on the development of anti-corruption preferences.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-cultural study involving 697 children from Norway, Japan, the USA, and Italy.
  • Experimental design to assess bribe-taking aversion and inequity aversion in children.
  • Comparative analysis of developmental patterns across societies with varying corruption and interdependence levels.

Main Results:

  • Inequity aversion emerges consistently across cultures by age 10, and sometimes as early as age 3.
  • Bribe-taking aversion is not universally present in children and appears in late childhood only in specific cultural contexts.
  • A dissociation exists between the development of inequity aversion and bribe-taking aversion.

Conclusions:

  • The development of preferences against corrupt reciprocity is context-dependent and not solely based on egalitarian motives.
  • Cultural factors significantly shape children's aversion to bribery, suggesting that anti-corruption preferences are learned rather than innate.
  • Further research is needed to understand the interplay between culture, social institutions, and the development of preferences against human selfishness.