The development of a web-based PJOK digital learning media to increase deaf students' motor skills and literacy

Objective This research focuses on the development and validation of TOTURU, a web-based digital learning media designed to support Physical Education (PJOK) learning for Deaf students. Methods Guided by a Research and Development (R&D) approach and operationalised through the ADDIE model, this study aims to address the difficulties Deaf learners face in accessing visually clear and accessible instructional content. The prototype was developed to meet Technology Readiness Level 2 (TRL 2), emphasising conceptual design and early-stage validation. The study involved 23 Deaf students from SLB Pembina, South Sulawesi. Development results show that TOTURU incorporates visual-sensory features, instructional videos, and sign-supported explanations tailored to Deaf learners. Validation by material and media experts yielded high feasibility scores, with both categories rated as Very Valid, confirming the accuracy, accessibility, and usability of the platform. User validation using a Guttman-scale instrument (20 items across usability, information quality, and display quality) demonstrated strong positive acceptance. Furthermore, pre- and post-use analysis revealed a 58.1% increase in students' learning interest, indicating that the platform effectively enhances motivation, engagement, and comprehension in PJOK learning. Impact Overall, the study provides a validated digital learning prototype that contributes to inclusive education by offering accessible, visually oriented learning media for Deaf students and establishing a foundation for further development at higher TRL stages.