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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Molar Mass01:54

Molar Mass

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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
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Crystallisation triggered by mass diffusion at a lower local supersaturation.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Non-equilibrium mass fluxes, like thermodiffusion and diffusion, lower the supersaturation ratio for crystallization. Crystallization initiates in steep concentration gradients, not maximum supersaturation, impacting metastable zone width.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Crystallization is crucial for natural and industrial processes.
  • Non-equilibrium factors like thermal history, mechanical perturbations, and flow influence crystallization.
  • The impact of mass fluxes on crystallization supersaturation remains uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of imposed mass fluxes on the supersaturation ratio at which crystallization becomes observable.
  • To experimentally demonstrate how thermodiffusive and isothermal diffusive mass fluxes affect crystallization.
  • To understand the role of non-equilibrium conditions in controlling crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of aqueous potassium chloride crystallization.
  • Utilizing cooling crystallization to establish a reference supersaturation ratio.
  • Applying thermodiffusion and isothermal diffusion mass fluxes.

Main Results:

  • Crystallization occurred at lower local supersaturation ratios under mass fluxes compared to reference systems.
  • Thermophobic thermodiffusion led to earlier crystal appearance than the equilibrium benchmark.
  • Isothermal diffusion resulted in crystallization at lower concentrations and higher temperatures than expected.
  • Crystallization consistently initiated in regions of steep concentration gradients.

Conclusions:

  • Non-equilibrium mass fluxes can narrow the metastable zone width for crystallization.
  • Spatially varying temperature and concentration fields are critical for controlling crystallization.
  • Findings have broad implications for industrial processes requiring precise crystallization control.