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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement

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Theta Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Over the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Does Not Enhance Long-Term

Dima Chitic^1,2, Krasimir S Zdravkov¹, Vasiliki Dounavi¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

The European Journal of Neuroscience

|February 11, 2026

Summary

This study found that theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex did not enhance long-term memory (LTM) retrieval for visual images. Stimulating theta oscillations did not affect recognition accuracy regardless of image memorability.

Keywords:

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex long‐term memory theta oscillations transcranial alternating current stimulation

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Brain Stimulation

Background:

Long-term memory (LTM) retrieval is linked to neural oscillations in the theta frequency range (3-8 Hz).
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is implicated in LTM retrieval, but causal evidence is limited.
The influence of stimulus memorability on LTM retrieval and its modulation by brain stimulation remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the causal role of theta oscillations in the dmPFC during LTM retrieval.
To examine whether modulating dmPFC theta activity using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) affects recognition accuracy.
To determine if stimulus memorability moderates the effect of tACS on LTM retrieval.

Main Methods:

Thirty-three healthy volunteers underwent 4 Hz tACS or sham stimulation targeting the dmPFC during a visual image retrieval task.
Participants memorized 300 images (faces, scenes, items) and were tested for recognition 1 hour later.
Recognition accuracy was assessed by distinguishing between previously seen and new images, with varying memorability levels.

Main Results:

No significant effect of 4 Hz tACS on LTM recognition accuracy was observed.
A significant effect of stimulus memorability was found, but it did not interact with tACS.
tACS did not influence performance on either low- or high-memorable images.

Conclusions:

The study does not support an active role for 4 Hz theta oscillations in the dmPFC for image LTM retrieval under the tested conditions.
The null finding suggests that the specific stimulation parameters and task may limit the generalizability of theta's role in LTM retrieval.
Further research is needed to explore the precise mechanisms and conditions under which dmPFC theta oscillations contribute to LTM.