Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 12, 2026
Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike Lanius Ludovicianus Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern
Published on: March 8, 2020
Sex-based practice patterns of low titer group O whole blood administration in pediatric trauma
Caitlin R Eason1, Lavanya Easwaran1, Julie A Rizzo2
1Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Insights
Pediatric trauma patients show similar low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) use between sexes in younger children. However, older male adolescents (15-17 years) are more likely to receive LTOWB than females.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Trauma Care
- Mass Casualty Incidents
- Blood Transfusion Medicine
Background:
- Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in US children.
- Limited data exists on low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) use in pediatric trauma.
- This study examines sex-based differences in LTOWB administration for pediatric trauma patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe current practices of LTOWB use in pediatric trauma.
- To identify potential sex-based differences in LTOWB administration.
- To analyze age-stratified sex-based differences in LTOWB use.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database (2020-2023).
- Included female and male children (<18 years) receiving any blood product within 4 hours of admission at centers using LTOWB.
- Compared LTOWB administration rates between sexes, adjusting for injury severity and mechanism.
Main Results:
- 16,482 children met inclusion criteria (4885 females, 11,597 males).
- Males were more likely to receive LTOWB overall (OR 1.07).
- Sex-based differences emerged in older adolescents: males aged 15-17 years were significantly more likely to receive LTOWB (OR 1.64).
Conclusions:
- LTOWB use is similar between male and female pediatric patients in younger age groups.
- A notable sex-based disparity in LTOWB administration favoring males emerges in the 15-17 year age group.
- Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind these age-specific sex-based differences in LTOWB utilization.
Introduction:
Trauma remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children in the United States. Given the limited data on current low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) use in pediatric trauma, this study was performed to describe current practices of LTOWB use among children, focusing on potential sex-based differences in LTOWB administration.
Methods:
Female children <18 years who received any quantity of any blood product within 4-h of admission at a center with documented LTOWB use were compared to similarly aged males in the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database from 2020 to 2023.
Results:
From 2020 to 2023, there were 16,482 children who met inclusion criteria: 4885 females and 11,597 males. Among 2136 LTOWB recipients, 79% (1682) were male. Median (IQR) composite injury severity scores were 26 (17-35) among females versus 25 (16-34, p < .001) among males. Females had a higher proportion of collision mechanisms (68% vs. 43%, p < .001) but a lower proportion of firearm mechanisms (19% vs. 44%, p < .001). Overall, after adjusting for differences, males were more likely to receive LTOWB (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 1.05-1.08). When stratified by age and adjusted, the odds ratio for males receiving LTOWB were: <4 years (OR 0.88, 0.62-1.25), 5-9 years (1.16, 0.83-1.62), 10-14 years (1.13, 0.89-1.45), and 15-17 years (1.64, 1.40-1.93).
Conclusions:
Use of LTOWB was similar between male and female patients for younger children. However, among children age 15-17 years, males were more likely than females to receive LTOWB. The reasons for these differences among different age groups need to be elucidated further.
Related Concept Videos
01:43Sex-linked Disorders
01:06Fixed Action Patterns
01:26Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion
01:16Characteristics of Practical Op Amps
The ratio of differential gain to the common-mode gain is defined as the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This ratio quantifies the ability of operational amplifiers (op-amps) to reject common-mode...
01:30Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice
Theories provide a perspective to assess patients' conditions and organize data and methods. They also assist in analyzing and interpreting information. They represent a...
01:28Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The...